According to the New Testament, many early Christians could perform miraculous acts such as healing, prophesying, and speaking in tongues. Because these miraculous powers come from the Holy Spirit, they are called Gifts of the Holy Spirit.
Jesus promised these special gifts to his followers shortly before he ascended to heaven. He told them that they would soon be "baptized with the Holy Spirit", and that they would receive the gifts at that time (Acts 1:4-8).
This baptism took place about seven weeks later on the Jewish day of Pentecost. As described in Acts 2:1-47, the followers of Jesus were meeting together in a large house in Jerusalem when a sound like a rushing wind from heaven suddenly surrounded them, and tongues of fire descended upon them. As the Holy Spirit filled them, they began to speak in tongues.
In this passage the word "tongue" means a foreign language. Thus the followers of Jesus were miraculously talking in many different languages. This caught the attention of people in the street outside the house, many of whom were foreigners, because they heard voices speaking in their own languages. When a large crowd gathered, Peter went outside and explained how the miracle had occurred. As a result, many people were converted to the new faith.
In this instance the followers of Jesus spoke in real human languages. But there is another way of speaking in tongues in which the utterances sound like babble. This babble, which is sometimes accompanied by shaking, jerking, and shouting, usually seems meaningless to other people who hear it.
In scholarly discussions, this apparent babble is called glossolalia. The other way of speaking in tongues, miraculous speech in a foreign language, is called xenoglossy. But scholars aren't always consistent in these usages, because they sometimes apply the word glossolalia to both cases.
Among modern Christians, the babble form of glossolalia is by far the most common. But some people don't think it should be called babble. Instead, they believe that it is a divine language, often called the language of heaven or the language of the angels. To those who believe this, tongue-speakers are being used by God as channels for the delivery of messages in this divine language. And some people, called interpreters, are often able to translate these messages into human words.
The idea of a divine language isn't new, for it was mentioned by Saint Paul in his first letter to the Corinthians. Specifically, in verse 14:2, he says:
"For anyone who speaks in a tongue does not speak to men but to God."
In this case Paul was talking about someone who speaks to God, whereas most modern examples of glossolalia are considered to be messages from God. But obviously the same divine language would be used in both cases.
Actually, Paul wrote his first letter to the Corinthians partly because glossolalia had become so prevalent in their church that it was disrupting the worship services. To help solve this problem, he urged them to show restraint when talking in tongues during open worship. He also mentioned that he himself spoke in tongues more than any of them did, but that he normally avoided doing it during worship services (1Corinthians 14:1-19).
Paul was trying to get the Corinthians to conduct their services in a more orderly manner. But one of his recommendations for this purpose seems wrong to many modern Christians. This recommendation is found at 1Corinthians 14:34-35, where he says:
"women should remain silent in the churches. They are not allowed to speak, but must be in submission, as the Law says. If they want to inquire about something, they should ask their own husbands at home; for it is disgraceful for a woman to speak in the church."
Some people think that Paul wrote this because he had heard that most of the disruptions in the services at Corinth were caused by women, and he thought that forbidding them from speaking at all would be the best way to solve the problem. But some scholars have a completely different explanation for this passage, because they don't think that Paul really wrote it. Instead, they believe that an unknown person inserted it into his letter at a later time, as part of an effort by male Christians to exclude women from leadership roles in the church. Proponents of this theory contend that the passage doesn't fit smoothly with the surrounding parts of the letter, and therefore it is probably a later insertion.
But whether Paul actually wrote this passage or not, most modern women strongly disagree with it. They feel that they have just as much right to speak in church as men do. And that includes speaking in tongues.
Paul's letter, together with some other evidence, indicates that glossolalia was a fairly common practice among the earliest Christians. Some scholars think that It became less common in subsequent centuries. But it probably never completely died out, because it is mentioned in writings and reports from several later periods.
A strong resurgence in tongue-speaking began in the early twentieth century and has been gaining strength ever since. The people taking part in this revival believe that they have been baptized with the Holy Spirit in the same way as the earliest Christians were, and have received the same gift of tongues. Many of them also believe that their possession of this gift is proof that they are saved.
Most of the early participants in this revival were poor people from small lesser-known Protestant denominations. Partly for this reason, mainstream Christian leaders were initially suspicious of the activity. To their eyes, the behavior of the new tongue-speakers appeared to be mindless emotionalism.
Church leaders were especially concerned about the physical aspects of the new activity. A report on one early gathering said that people danced in the aisles, writhed on the floor, barked like dogs, and howled like wild animals. An observer at another gathering said that the activity reminded him of the behavior of voodoo priests, who also speak in tongues and often go into a frenzy while doing so. These kinds of reports raised considerable alarm among mainstream church leaders, and several of them warned that tongue-speaking was the work of the Devil and his demons, who were trying to lead people astray by giving them false emotions.
But despite these warnings, the movement continued to grow, and the practice has slowly gained acceptance, or at least toleration, in the major Protestant denominations. In recent decades it has even spread to some Catholic and Anglican congregations. Churches in which tongue-speaking is prevalent are sometimes called Pentecostal or Charismatic churches.
Some members of these churches speak in a calm rhythmic patter that has been described as pleasant to the ear, or even beautiful. Others show more visible emotion, and sometimes accentuate their speaking with clapping, shaking, shouting, and dancing. In one unusual form called "holy laughter", people begin laughing uncontrollably, often falling out of their chairs and rolling around on the floor. When these people are later asked about their behavior, they say that they had no control over what they did, but were driven by the supernatural power of the Holy Spirit. Some of them have described themselves as "drunk with the Holy Spirit."
Some people believe that the modern resurgence in tongue-speaking is a sign that the world is coming to an end, and that Jesus will return very soon.
Outside observers have proposed several explanations for why people talk in tongues. One common explanation is that many people only pretend to do it and have to fake their performances. Another possibility is that people enter a hypnotic or trance-like state. And observers of some groups have even described what they saw as mass hysteria.
But most tongue-speakers don't care what outsiders think. They believe that they have been baptized with the Holy Spirit and have received the gift of tongues in the same way as the earliest followers of Jesus did. Some of them also believe that they are the only true Christians, and the only people who will be saved.
Note: For more information about this topic, go to this article on Speaking in Tongues
